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透视代词it
透视代词itit在中学英语中的使用可谓多矣,但不见得每个人对它的功能及用法都能了如指掌,其用法如下:
一.做人称代词
在句中,it 可在句中做主语或宾语,用来代替一个名词,一个短语,一个分句或一个句子,以避免它们在句中的重复。
1.it做人称代词,可在句中指代人、想象中的人或不明性别的婴儿。如:
1)-Who is knocking at the window? 谁在敲窗?
-It’s me.是我。(人)
2)-Who is there? 谁在哪儿?
-It must be Xiaoli. 肯定是小李。(想象中的人)
3)The Greens have a baby . It’s lovely. 格林家有一个新生婴儿,很可爱(不明性别的婴儿)
2.可在句中指代无生物,植物,动物。如:
This is a new pen. I bought it last week. 这是一支新钢笔,我上星期买的。(无生物)
The cat is too lazy to move and we must give it a push.这只猫懒得不爱动,我们必须推它一下(动物)。
3.还可用来代指一个动作或一件事情。如:
I had a talk with Mr. Zhang about my English. It was very useful.我和张老师谈了我的英语情况,这是非常有用的。(事情)
Mr. Zhang warned the children time and time again not to play basketball in the street, but they didn’t take it seriously.张老师一再警告孩子们不要在街上玩篮球,但他们不把这当回事。(事情)
二. 做非人称代词
1.it做非人称代词,可在句中做主语,表示时间、天气、季节、距离、环境、情况。
It is time to get up.到了起床的时间了。 (时间)
It’s four months since I came here. 我来这里已经四个月了(时间)
It’s rather cloudy . It looks like rain. 天上乌云密集,像要下雨 (天气)
It was winter then and it was ten degree below zero.那时是冬天,气温是零下10度。 (季节)
It is only half an hour’s walk to the school只有半小时的路程就可以到达学校了。(距离)
It’s very quiet . 很安静。(环境)
It’s all over now. 现在一切都过去了(情况)
2.非人称代词it可在句中做主语,用于谓语为seem、look、appear、happen、turn等,且后面又跟有一个that从句的句子中。(注意:这时的it 、that没什么实际意义,只起结构上的构成作用,而且从句的引导词that 也不可省略)如:
It seems that he is always correct. 好像他总是正确的。
It happened that he had been hurt .碰巧他受了伤。
It appears that he is an experienced English teacher.好像他是一个有经验的英语教师。
3.用在一些惯用语中。如:
It makes no difference at all . 一点关系也没有/没事。
It comes to nothing. 没什么结果。
It’s splendid ! 好极了!
It has nothing to do with me. 这与我无关。
三. 用于指示
it 用在It is/was + 主语补足语的结构中,可用来指明某人或某物的身份。在句中可以前指,也可以后指。如:
--Who is there? 谁在那儿?
--It’s the postman.是邮递员。(前指)
Last night, I tripped over something and fell down. It’s a stone.昨天晚上,我被什么东西给绊了一下,摔了个跟头。(是什么?)是块石头。(后指)
如果指的是一个或一些身份明确的人,就不用it,而要用he, she , they等。如:
The Whites came to see me last week . They are my good friends.怀特夫妇上周来看我,他们是我的好朋友。
注意:It’s me 是一个惯用结构。其它人称代词做主语补足语时,一般是用其主格形式。如:It’s he/she.(而It’s him that I saw in the street the day before yesterday.你知道是怎么回事吗?------强调句型,请往后看)
四。用作形式主语或形式宾语
当v+ing形式,不定式,或从句做主语或宾语时,为了使句子结构平衡,我们通常用it作形式主语或形式宾语,而把真正的主语或宾语放到后面。
1.it作形式主语
1)真正的主语是不定式。如:
It is very important for us to learn English well.(=To learn English well is very important for us)对我们来说,学好英语是非常重要的.
It’s up to you to decide to help me or not.(=To decide to help me or not is up to you).是否帮助我由你决定。
It took me two hours to finish my homework.(=To finish my homework took me two hours)我花了两个钟头(才)做完了作业。
It’s a pity to be late.(=To be late is a pity) 迟到是个遗憾。
2)真正主语是v+ing形式。如:
It is no use talking a lot without doing anything .(= Talking a lot without doing anything is no use / It’s not useful talking a lot without dong anything.)光说不做是没用的
It’s no good leaving today’s work for tomorrow.(=Leaving today’s work for tomorrow is no good)把今天的事留到明天去做是不好的。
注意:在It’s adj(形容词或形容词短语)./n.(名词或名词短语)to do……/doing……中,一般我们用不定式做真正主语,即:It’s adj(形容词或形容词短语)./n.(名词或名词短语)to do……如例1).;但是,当It’s后若是:(no)use, (not)useful,no good等单词或短语时,真正主语一般用动名词,即:It’s no good/ no use/ not useful…doing……如例2).
3)真正主语是名词性从句。如:
It’s known to all that his father died the day before yesterday.(=That his father died the day before yesterday is known to all)众所周知,他的父亲是前天死的(他的父亲前天死这件事被众人知道)
It’s doubtful whether he would play the part.(= whether he would play the part is doubtful)他是否要扮演这角色值得怀疑。
注意: that从句做主语时,that一般不可省略。
2.it做形式宾语
1)真正的宾语是不定式。如:
I consider it very hard to learn English well.我认为学好英语是很难的。
Marx found it necessary to study the situation in Russia. 马克思发现研究俄国的形式是必要的。
2)真正的宾语是v+ing形式。如:
I thought it no use doing that.(=I thought doing that no use) 我认为做那事是没用的。
注意:当it为形式宾语时,通常,我们用不定式做真正宾语 如例1);但是,当补语为no use/no good/not useful等时,人们通常用动名词做真正宾语,如例2)。
3)真正的宾语是名词性从句。如:
I think it a pity that I shall never have chance to see her .我认为,我再也不会有机回去看她了,真是遗憾。
四.构成强调句型。为了强调句子的某一成分,把 “it”用在句首,这种强调句的结构是“It is (was +所强调的成分(主语、宾语、状语)+that…”,表达的意思为“是…,正是…,就是…”。“it ”“that”在这种句型中本身没什么实际意义,只起一种结构作用。如:
It's my back that hurts.是我的背痛。 (强调主语)
It is the elephant that the children want to see.孩子们要看的时大象。 (强调宾语)
It was in 1997 that we met them for the first time. 我们第一次遇见他们是在1997年。(强调状语)
It was not until the rain stopped that we left. 直到雨停了,我们才离开。(强调状语从句)
It is not only blind men who make such stupid mistakes. 决不只有盲人才犯这样愚蠢的错误(强调主语)。
这里需要说明的是:如被强调的是人,则后面用既可用who又可用that, 如被强调的是物或其他情况,则只用that。如:
It was yesterday that I met Bob in your room.我就是昨天在你的房间y遇见鲍勃的。
It was in your room that I met Bob yesterday. 我就是在你的房间昨天遇见鲍勃的。
It was Bob that/who I met in your room yesterday. 昨天我在你房间遇见的是鲍勃。
注意:若强调的是一宾语的话,在It’s ……that/who之间的部分要用宾格;若是一主语的话,则需用其主格形式。
如:It’s him that I met in the street the day before yesterday.我前天在街上遇见的是他(宾语,用宾格)。
It’s he that met me in the street the day before yesterday.是他前天在街上遇见了我(主语,用主格)。It’s him that I saw in the street the day before yesterday. 我前天在街上看见的是他(宾语,用宾格)。
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